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用 c 语言进行数字图像处理
作者：彭千贺
邮件：[e-mail]
博客：http://pengqianhe.googlepages.com
声明：本篇文章和程序全部有彭千贺原创，严禁任何形式的修改，如有发现任何形式的修改，将
有权追究其相关责任人的法律责任。但是，你可以自由的传播本文章的副本。如需要修改，请邮
件通知我。
其实，数字图像处理有几步呢？一共三步。第一步，读入图片。第二步，处理图片。第三步，保存图片。
而第二步主要涉及的是处理图像的算法，所以，我在这里就不多说了。而第一步和第三步是为第二步做
铺垫的。
关于位图文件的文件结构，可以参看我的另外一篇文章《详说如何用C语言，C＋＋和JAVA来读入和保
存位图》。此文章可以在我的博客下载到。我在这里，贴出用C语言进行读入位图的文件头，信息头，
像素数据和保存位图等程序，另外还有声明位图文件结构的头文件。
以下程序在VC6.0中，已经无误通过编译。
位图文件结构的声明：BMP.h
#ifndef BMP_H_INCLUDED
#define BMP_H_INCLUDED
#
typedef unsigned short WORD;
typedef unsigned long DWORD;
typedef long LONG;
typedef unsigned char BYTE;
t
typedef struct tagBITMAPFILEHEADER
{ // bmfh
    WORD    bfType;
    DWORD   bfSize;
    WORD    bfReserved1;
    WORD    bfReserved2;
    DWORD   bfOffBits;
}BITMAPFILEHEADER;
}
typedef struct tagBITMAPINFOHEADER
{ // bmih
    DWORD  biSize;
    LONG   biWidth;
    LONG   biHeight;
    WORD   biPlanes;    WORD   biBitCount;
    DWORD  biCompression;
    DWORD  biSizeImage;
    LONG   biXPelsPerMeter;
    LONG   biYPelsPerMeter;
    DWORD  biClrUsed;
    DWORD  biClrImportant;
}BITMAPINFOHEADER;
}
typedef struct tagRGBQUAD
{ // rgbq
    BYTE    rgbBlue;
    BYTE    rgbGreen;
    BYTE    rgbRed;
    BYTE    rgbReserved;
}RGBQUAD;
}
typedef struct tagBITMAPINFO
{
BITMAPINFOHEADER bmiHeader;
RGBQUAD bmiColors[1];
}BITMAPINFO;
}
#endif // BMP_H_INCLUDED
主程序：main.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <process.h>
#
#include "BMP.h"
#
BITMAPFILEHEADER bmfh;
BITMAPINFOHEADER bmih;
BYTE *imgData;
bool bReadBMFH=false;
bool bReadBMIH=false;
bool bReadPixel=false;
b
//检查路径是否合法：文件能打开；以bmp为后缀名
为
int CheckFilePath(char *filepath);//读入位图的文件头
读
int ReadFileHeader(char *filepath,BITMAPFILEHEADER *bmfh);
//打印位图的文件头
打
void PrintFileHeader(BITMAPFILEHEADER *bmfh);
//读入位图的信息头
读
int ReadInfoHeader(char *filepath,BITMAPINFOHEADER *bmih);
//打印位图的信息头
打
void PrintInfoHeader(BITMAPINFOHEADER *bmih);
//创建8位位图的调色板
位
int CreatePalette(RGBQUAD pal[]);
//读入位图的像素数据
读
int ReadPixelData(char *filepath,BYTE *imgData);
//计算每行像素所占的字节数
计
LONG GetLineBytes(int imgWidth,int bitCount);
//打印位图的像素数据
打
void PrintPixelData(BYTE *imgData,int width,int height,int bitCount);
//打印菜单选项
打
void PrintMenu();
//另存为位图
另
int SaveAsImage(char *filepath);
//显示位图
显
void ShowImage(char * filepath);
//保存文件头
保
int SaveFileHeader(FILE* fp);
//保存信息头
保
int SaveInfoHeader(FILE* fp);
//保存调色板
保
int SaveColorPalette(FILE *fp);
//保存像素数据
保
int SavePixelData(FILE* fp);
i
int main()
{
char filepath[256];
char saveasfilepath[256];
int i;
int width;
int height;
int bitCount;
DWORD dwLineBytes;
int select;
int q=0;
isystem("echo off");
system("color 2");
s
printf("-----------TIMimage-----------\n");
printf("Input the path of the BMP file:\n");
gets(filepath);
g
i=CheckFilePath(filepath);
if(i==-1)
{
return -1;
}
}
do 
{
PrintMenu();
scanf("%u",&select);
s
switch(select)
{
case 0:
{
printf("Input the path of the BMP file:\n");
scanf("%s",filepath);
CheckFilePath(filepath);
break;
}
case 1:
{
i=ReadFileHeader(filepath,&bmfh);
if(i!=-1)
{
printf("Read the file header successfully.\n");
bReadBMFH=true;
break;
}
else
{
printf("Read the file header failed.\n");
bReadBMFH=false;
q=1;
break;
}
}case 2:
{
i=ReadInfoHeader(filepath,&bmih);
if(i!=-1)
{
printf("Read the info header successfully.\n");
bReadBMIH=true;
break;
}
else
{
printf("Read the info header failed.\n");
bReadBMIH=false;
q=1;
break;
}
}
case 3:
{
if(!bReadBMIH)
{
printf("Please read the info header at first.\n");
break;
}
height=bmih.biHeight;
width=bmih.biWidth;
bitCount=bmih.biBitCount;
dwLineBytes=GetLineBytes(width,bitCount);
imgData=(BYTE*)malloc(dwLineBytes*height*sizeof(BYTE));
if(!imgData)
{
printf("Can not allocate memory for the image.\n");
q=1;
break;
}
i=ReadPixelData(filepath,imgData);
if(i==-1)
{
printf("Read the pixel data failed.\n");
bReadPixel=false;
q=1;
break;
}
else{
printf("Read the pixel data successfully.\n");
bReadPixel=true;
break;
}
}
case 4:
{
if(bReadBMFH)
{
PrintFileHeader(&bmfh);
break;
}
else
{
printf("Please read the file header at first.\n");
break;
}
}
case 5:
{
if(bReadBMIH)
{
PrintInfoHeader(&bmih);
break;
}
else
{
printf("Please read the info header at first.\n");
break;
}
}
case 6:
{
if(bReadPixel)
{
PrintPixelData(imgData,width,height,bitCount);
break;
}
else
{
printf("Please read the pixel data at first.\n");
break;
}}
case 7:
{
ShowImage(filepath);
break;
}
case 8:
{
printf("Input the path(ex. d://poon.bmp) you want to save:\n");
scanf("%s",saveasfilepath);
s
i=SaveAsImage(saveasfilepath);
if(i==-1)
{
printf("Error: failed to save the image.\n");
break;
}
break;
}
default:
q=1;
break;
}
}
select=9527;
s
} while (q==0);
}
return 0;
}
}
int ReadFileHeader(char *filepath,BITMAPFILEHEADER *bmfh)
{
FILE *fp;
F
fp=fopen(filepath,"rb");
if(!fp)
{
printf("Can not open the file:%s\n",filepath);
return -1;
}
}
if(fread(&bmfh->bfType,sizeof(WORD),1,fp)!=1)
{printf("Can not read bfType in the file header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fread(&bmfh->bfSize,sizeof(DWORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not read bfSize in the file header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fread(&bmfh->bfReserved1,sizeof(WORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not read bfReserved1 in the file header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fread(&bmfh->bfReserved2,sizeof(WORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not read bfReserved2 in the file header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fread(&bmfh->bfOffBits,sizeof(DWORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not read bfOffBits in the file header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
fclose(fp);
f
return 0;
}
}
int ReadInfoHeader(char *filepath,BITMAPINFOHEADER *bmih)
{
FILE *fp;
F
fp=fopen(filepath,"rb");
if(!fp){
printf("Can not open the file:%s\n",filepath);
return -1;
}
}
fseek(fp,14,SEEK_SET);
f
if(fread(&bmih->biSize,sizeof(DWORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not read biSize in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fread(&bmih->biWidth,sizeof(LONG),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not read biWidth in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fread(&bmih->biHeight,sizeof(LONG),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not read biHeight in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fread(&bmih->biPlanes,sizeof(WORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not read biPlanes in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fread(&bmih->biBitCount,sizeof(WORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not read biBitCount in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fread(&bmih->biCompression,sizeof(DWORD),1,fp)!=1)
{printf("Can not read biCompression in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fread(&bmih->biSizeImage,sizeof(DWORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not read biSizeImage in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fread(&bmih->biXPelsPerMeter,sizeof(LONG),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not read biXPelsPerMeter in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fread(&bmih->biYPelsPerMeter,sizeof(LONG),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not read biYPelsPerMeter in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fread(&bmih->biClrUsed,sizeof(DWORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not read biClrUsed in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fread(&bmih->biClrImportant,sizeof(DWORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not read biClrImportant in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
fclose(fp);
f
return 0;
}}
int CreatePalette(RGBQUAD pal[])
{
int i;
i
if(sizeof(pal)/sizeof(RGBQUAD)!=256)
{
printf("The size of the palette must be 256.\n");
return -1;
}
}
for(i=0;i<256;i++)
{
pal[i].rgbBlue=i;
pal[i].rgbGreen=i;
pal[i].rgbRed=i;
pal[i].rgbReserved=0;
}
}
return 0;
}
}
int ReadPixelData(char *filepath,BYTE *imgData)
{
BITMAPINFOHEADER bmih;
BITMAPFILEHEADER bmfh;
BYTE *data;
FILE *fp;
int n;
int width;
int height;
int bitCount;
DWORD dwLineBytes;
D
n=ReadFileHeader(filepath,&bmfh);
if(n==-1)
{
printf("Can not read the file header of the BMP file.\n");
return -1;
}
}
n=ReadInfoHeader(filepath,&bmih);
if(n==-1)
{printf("Can not read the info header of the BMP file.\n");
return -1;
}
}
width=bmih.biWidth;
height=bmih.biHeight;
bitCount=bmih.biBitCount;
dwLineBytes=GetLineBytes(width,bitCount);
d
if(_msize(imgData)!=(dwLineBytes*height))
{
printf("The size you allocate for the pixel data is not right.\n");
printf("Fittable size: %ld bytes.\n",(dwLineBytes*height));
printf("Your size: %ld bytes.\n",sizeof(imgData));
return -1;
}
}
data=(BYTE*)malloc(dwLineBytes*height*sizeof(BYTE));
if(!data)
{
printf("Can not allocate memory for the pixel data.\n");
return -1;
}
}
fp=fopen(filepath,"rb");
if(!fp)
{
printf("Can not open the file: %s\n",filepath);
free(data);
return -1;
}
}
if(bitCount==8)
{
fseek(fp,bmfh.bfOffBits,SEEK_SET);
}
else if(bitCount==24)
{
fseek(fp,bmfh.bfOffBits,SEEK_SET);
}
else
{
printf("Only Support: 8 or 24 bits.\n");
free(data);fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
n=fread(data,dwLineBytes*height*sizeof(BYTE),1,fp);
if(n==0)
{
if(feof(fp))
{
}
if(ferror(fp))
{
printf("Can not read the pixel data.\n");
free(data);
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
}
memcpy(imgData,data,dwLineBytes*height*sizeof(BYTE));
m
free(data);
fclose(fp);
f
return 0;
}
}
void PrintFileHeader(BITMAPFILEHEADER *bmfh)
{
printf("The contents in the file header of the BMP file:\n");
printf("bfOffBits: %ld\n",bmfh->bfOffBits);
printf("bfReserved1: %ld\n",bmfh->bfReserved1);
printf("bfReserved2: %ld\n",bmfh->bfReserved2);
printf("bfSize: %ld\n",bmfh->bfSize);
printf("bfType: %ld\n",bmfh->bfType);
}
}
void PrintInfoHeader(BITMAPINFOHEADER *bmih)
{
printf("The content in the info header of the BMP file:\n");
printf("biBitCount: %ld\n",bmih->biBitCount);
printf("biClrImportant: %ld\n",bmih->biClrImportant);
printf("biClrUsed: %ld\n",bmih->biClrUsed);
printf("biCompression: %ld\n",bmih->biCompression);printf("biHeight: %ld\n",bmih->biHeight);
printf("biPlanes: %ld\n",bmih->biPlanes);
printf("biSize: %ld\n",bmih->biSize);
printf("biSizeImage: %ld\n",bmih->biSizeImage);
printf("biWidth: %ld\n",bmih->biWidth);
printf("biXPelsPerMeter: %ld\n",bmih->biXPelsPerMeter);
printf("biYPelsPerMeter: %ld\n",bmih->biYPelsPerMeter);
}
}
LONG GetLineBytes(int imgWidth,int bitCount)
{
return (imgWidth*bitCount+31)/32*4;
}
}
void PrintPixelData(BYTE *imgData,int width,int height,int bitCount)
{
int i;
int j;
int p;
DWORD dwLineBytes=GetLineBytes(width,bitCount);
D
if(bitCount==8)
{
for(i=0;i<height;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<width;j++)
{
p=*(imgData+dwLineBytes*(height-1-i)+j);
printf("%d,",p);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
else if(bitCount==24)
{
for(i=0;i<height;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<width*3;j++)
{
printf("(");
p=*(imgData+dwLineBytes*(height-1-i)+j);
printf("%d,",p);
j++;
p=*(imgData+dwLineBytes*(height-1-i)+j);printf("%d,",p);
j++;
p=*(imgData+dwLineBytes*(height-1-i)+j);
printf("%d) ",p);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
else
{
printf("Only supported: 8 or 24 bits.\n");
}
}
}
int CheckFilePath(char *filepath)
{
FILE *fp;
int len=strlen(filepath)/sizeof(char);
char ext[3];
c
if(filepath[0]!=int('\"'))
{
strncpy(ext,&filepath[len-3],3);
if(!(ext[0]=='b' && ext[1]=='m' && ext[2]=='p'))
{
printf("Error: The file is not a BMP file.\n");
printf("Error: The extention of the filename must be 'bmp',not 'BMP'\
n");
return -1;
}
}
fp=fopen(filepath,"r");
if(!fp)
{
printf("Error: The path is not correct.\n");
return -1;
}
fclose(fp);
}
else
{
printf("Error: The path must not include blank space.\n");
return -1;
}return 0;
}
}
void PrintMenu()
{
printf(" -----Choose Your Operation-----\n");
printf("| 0-----Input the image path    |\n");
printf("| 1-----Read the file header    |\n");
printf("| 2-----Read the info header    |\n");
printf("| 3-----Read the pixel data     |\n");
printf("| 4-----Print the file header   |\n");
printf("| 5-----Print the info header   |\n");
printf("| 6-----Print the pixel data    |\n");
printf("| 7-----View the original image |\n");
printf("| 8-----Save as the image       |\n");
printf("| other-----Exit the program    |\n");
printf(" -------------------------------\n");
}
}
int SaveAsImage(char *filepath)
{
FILE *fp;
F
fp=fopen(filepath,"wb");
if(!fp)
{
printf("Error: can not create the file.\n");
return -1;
}
}
SaveFileHeader(fp);
SaveInfoHeader(fp);
if(bmih.biBitCount==8)
{
SaveColorPalette(fp);
}
SavePixelData(fp);
S
fclose(fp);
f
printf("Save As the image successfully.\n");
p
return 0;}
}
void ShowImage(char * filepath)
{
char cmd[266];
c
strcpy(cmd,"start ");
strcat(cmd,filepath);
printf("%s\n",cmd);
system(cmd);
}
}
int SaveFileHeader(FILE *fp)
{
if(!bReadBMFH)
{
printf("Please read the file header at first.\n");
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmfh.bfType,sizeof(WORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not write bfType in the file header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmfh.bfSize,sizeof(DWORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not write bfSize in the file header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmfh.bfReserved1,sizeof(WORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not write bfReserved1 in the file header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmfh.bfReserved2,sizeof(WORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not write bfReserved2 in the file header.\n");fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmfh.bfOffBits,sizeof(DWORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not write bfOffBits in the file header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
return 0;
}
}
int SaveInfoHeader(FILE *fp)
{
if(!bReadBMIH)
{
printf("Please read the info header at first.\n");
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmih.biSize,sizeof(DWORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not write biSize in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmih.biWidth,sizeof(LONG),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not write biWidth in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmih.biHeight,sizeof(LONG),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not write biHeight in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmih.biPlanes,sizeof(WORD),1,fp)!=1){
printf("Can not write biPlanes in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmih.biBitCount,sizeof(WORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not write biBitCount in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmih.biCompression,sizeof(DWORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not write biCompression in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmih.biSizeImage,sizeof(DWORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not write biSizeImage in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmih.biXPelsPerMeter,sizeof(LONG),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not write biXPelsPerMeter in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmih.biYPelsPerMeter,sizeof(LONG),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not write biYPelsPerMeter in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmih.biClrUsed,sizeof(DWORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not write biClrUsed in the info header.\n");fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(&bmih.biClrImportant,sizeof(DWORD),1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Can not write biClrImportant in the info header.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
return 0;
}
}
int SaveColorPalette(FILE *fp)
{
int i;
RGBQUAD pal[256];
R
if(!bReadBMIH)
{
printf("Please read the info header at first.\n");
return -1;
}
}
if(bmih.biBitCount!=8)
{
printf("Only 8 bits image hase color palette.\n");
return -1;
}
}
for(i=0;i<256;i++)
{
pal[i].rgbReserved=0;
pal[i].rgbBlue=i;
pal[i].rgbGreen=i;
pal[i].rgbRed=i;
}
}
if(fwrite(pal,sizeof(RGBQUAD),256,fp)!=256)
{
printf("Error: can not write the color palette.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;}
}
return 0;
}
}
int SavePixelData(FILE* fp)
{
int height=bmih.biHeight;
DWORD dwLineBytes=GetLineBytes(bmih.biWidth,bmih.biBitCount);
D
if(!bReadPixel)
{
printf("Please read the pixel data at first.\n");
return -1;
}
}
if(fwrite(imgData,height*dwLineBytes,1,fp)!=1)
{
printf("Error: can not write the pixel data.\n");
fclose(fp);
return -1;
}
}
return 0;
}